Drug discovery and personalized treatment

New approach to drug discovery could lead to personalised treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Researchers have developed a method that could drastically accelerate the search for new drugs to treat mental health disorders such as schizophrenia.

Mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for 31% of total years lived with disability. While our understanding of the biology behind these disorders has increased, no new neuropsychiatric drugs with improved treatment effects have been developed in the last few decades, and most existing treatments were found through luck.

This is mainly because doctors can’t take brain tissue samples from patients in the same way that they are able to do a biopsy on a cancer tumour elsewhere in the body for example, so it’s difficult for researchers to understand exactly what to target when designing new neuropsychiatric drugs.

Now, a team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge in collaboration with the University of Cantabria (Spain), Erasmus Medical Centre (the Netherlands) and researchers in the USA and Germany, have shown that live blood cells from patients with mental health disorders can be used to identify potential targets for drug discovery research. Their results are reported in the journal Science Advances.

Human blood cells contain many receptors and proteins involved in signalling that are also found in our central nervous system and have been shown to be linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous research has shown that there is a strong link between cells in our blood and the way our central nervous system operates, for example patients suffering from bacterial infections often show depressive-like symptoms.

Credit: BBC News, BBC World News, BBC Breakfast - Richard Westcott

This makes blood cells an ideal environment in which to test potential new drugs. There is also significant evidence that using primary cells from patients in drug development leads to a higher success rate for effective drug discovery.

Psychiatric disorders are increasingly recognised as disorders of the whole body,” said Professor Sabine Bahn from Cambridge’s Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, who leads the research group behind the work. “This study proposes a shift in the field to directly explore live cellular function as a model for disease.”

Using a high-content single-cell screening process, the researchers analysed cells from 42 schizophrenia patients and screened thousands of potential compounds for new drugs. The team have focused on discovering new psychiatric uses for drugs which are routinely prescribed for other conditions, such as high blood pressure.

This drug ‘repurposing’ strategy can reduce the time and cost it takes to bring a new drug to the clinic tenfold. With an average drug development cost of $2-3 billion over 12 years, this represents an efficient alternative to deliver new potential treatments to patients in considerably less time. The approach could also lead to a reduction in animal testing.

They can also test existing psychiatric treatments on patient blood cells and may be able to predict how effective those treatments will be for each individual. This overcomes a major hurdle in clinical psychiatry as many patients do not respond to first-line treatments. To accomplish this, the team tested rare blood samples from schizophrenia patients before and after clinical treatment, collected via a network of international collaborators.

As a final step, the team confirmed that the activity of new drugs was shared between blood cells and brain cells, by testing those drug compounds on human nerve cells.

Credit: BBC Naked Scientists, BBC Naked Neuroscience podcast

“This is the most in-depth, functional exploration of primary psychiatric patient tissue to date and has the potential to substantially accelerate drug discovery and personalised medicine for neuropsychiatric disorders and other human diseases,” said lead author Dr Santiago Lago, who developed the technology with Dr Jakub Tomasik.

The team are furthermore applying this methodology across the spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum condition to elucidate potential drug targets, which either overlap or are unique to specific conditions, supporting a ‘dimensional’ approach to neuropsychiatric treatment and addressing the challenges of patient diversity. These results are reported in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.

The research was funded in part by the Stanley Medical Research Institute, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the European Union.

References

Lago, S.G.*, Tomasik, J.*, van Rees, G.F., Steeb, H., Cox, D.A., Rustogi, N., Ramsey, J.M., Bishop, J.A., Petryshen, T.L., Haggarty, S.J., Vázquez-Bourgon, J., Papiol, S., Suarez-Pinilla, P., Crespo-Facorro, B., van Beveren, N.J., Bahn, S. (2019). Drug discovery in neuropsychiatric disorders using high-content single-cell screening of signaling network responses ex vivo. Science Advances 5, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9093. PMID: 31086815

Lago, S.G.*, Tomasik, J.*, van Rees, G.F., Ramsey, J.M., Haenisch, F., Cooper, J.D., Broek, J.A., Suarez-Pinilla, P., Ruland, T., Auyeug, B., Mikova, O., Kabacs, N., Arolt, V., Baron-Cohen, S., Crespo-Facorro, B., Bahn, S. (2018). Exploring the neuropsychiatric spectrum using high-content functional analysis of single-cell signaling networks. Molecular Psychiatry DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0123-4 PMID: 30038233